Impacts Of Urban Development On Wetlands Environmental Sciences Essay

Impacts Of Urban Development On Wetlands Environmental Sciences Essay According to Ramsar convention 1971, wetlands are defined as areas of marsh, fern, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporal, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, blackish or salty, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6m (Davies, 1993). Wetlands may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, islands of water bodies of marine water deeper than 6m at low tide lying within the wetlands. Wetlands affect the lives of every one of Ugandas citizens. We depend on wetlands for food, and clean water, for building materials and fuels, for livestock grazing and medicines and for water flow regulation. They provide a powerful engine for our countrys development with wetland services and products (WMD, 2008). The economic and ecological wealth represented by Ugandas wetlands, which cover 15% of its land cover are found in almost every sub-county (WID, 2001). While such a dispersed geographic coverage provides wetland benefits to a greater number of people, it also increases the likelihood of overexploitation and degradation. Ugandas high level of political and administrative decentralization adds to this risk. In Uganda there are no recent, exact countrywide statistics on chances in wetland area. The latest national land cover map with detailed wetland information was produced in 1996 (NFA, 2006). However local observations cited in Ugandas recent state of environment report indicate a reduction in wetland coverage, mostly due to conversion into crop land and spread of urban settlements (NEMA, 2007). While such conversions provide economic benefits from agriculture crop and real estate development, they are also associated with social costs primarily due to reduced or total loss of hydrological functions, habitat benefits and other ecosystem services. One of the factors driving these conversions is that the immediate economic returns to individuals outweigh the costs to the wider society associated with the loss of important ecosystem services. On a global scale, urbanization is increasingly homogenizing the biota of less developed countries. Even though urban sprawl is a worldwide problem, most studies on the effect of urbanization on wetlands and the conceptual models have focused on developed countries. South America has not escaped urbanization and therefore has undergone the effects of urban sprawl and development. Pavements replace native wetland ecosystems and what is left of the natural ecosystem is dominated by non-native ornamentals species (Tolba and El-khoy 1997). Kampala, Ugandas capital city has experienced rapid population growth of 5.61% per annum from 774,241 in 1991 to 1.2million 2002.The growth, which has occurred concomitantly with changes in population structure of the city, is influenced by rural-urban migration (UBOS, 2002). Population increase in Kampala area is responsible for increased demand for employment, land for housing, social services and infrastructure that have stimulated spatial urban development and industrialization. Due to increasing rate of industrialization, which is an indication of development, many people are coming into the urban centers to look for jobs. On the other hand, the employment opportunities are too few to absorb the labour, coupled with increasing population; this creates an influx of laborers. This has had serious environmental consequences including wetland degradation, deposition of solid and toxic wastes in the wetlands and drainage channels (NEMA, 2001/2002). The current urban development is occurring in a haphazard manner largely dominated by the urban informality in most of the sectors (NEMA, 2001/2002). This has greatly contributed to the unsustainable utilization of natural resources with in the area resulting in environmental degradation through solid waste accumulation, wetland encroachment, water pollution and land use/cover change, which is reducing the ecological services from the natural environment of the area. Although Ugandas wetlands are protected by National Environment stature 1995, most of them are still being reclaimed and degraded, especially those outside protected areas. The environment and natural resource issue in Nakivubo division pose some of the most contentious, difficult and politically sensitive questions.Therefore,the future of our environment and natural resources seems to depend more on the trends in; economic gains, social and political developments as well as outcome of litigation, legislation and administrative debates and decisions. In general the most outstanding issue concerning urban wetlands is the increasing level of degradation mainly from encroachment. Related to this issue are pressures, which include ownership of wetlands as property, and government/institutional policies. Other threats to the stability of wetlands are agricultural conversions, industrial pollution, drainage and over harvesting of wetland resources. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Nakivubo wetland, one of the main wetlands in Kampala district, has suffered major encroachment in the recent past. A visit to the wetland reveals a lot of new activities, which signify recent massive encroachment. The activities include; residential and commercial buildings and car washing bays among others. There is significant reduction in the vegetation cover, and the wetland now experiences more visible instances of flooding than before during heavy rains. All these activities put a lot of pressure on the wetland, and affect its ecological function and cause degradation. These activities are thought to be a consequence of the increasing rate of development and urbanization in Kampala. Though there is insufficient data at the present to link urbanization with encroachment on Nakivubo wetland. The size and biodiversity of unconverted portions of wetlands has drastically diminished, with some areas completely converted. In 1993 it was noted that 13% of the wetlands in Kampala was s everely degraded and by 2002 only 3.3% was remaining and was continuing to be degraded (NEMA, 2007). Housing, industrialization and infrastructure development play an important role in wetland degradation. This study will therefore examine the relationship between urbanization and the encroachment and degradation of the Nakivubo wetland, and suggest options for addressing the problem. OBJECTIVES The overall objective is to examine the effects of urbanization on wetlands, using Nakivubo wetland in Kampala as a case study. Specific objective i) To describe the types of activities in the Nakivubo wetland and their social-economic implications on the urban people. ii) Assess the sustainable management practices urban people use to improve on wetland ecosystem. iii) Assess the awareness of urban people towards wetland use and management. Research questions The following questions are going to guide in my research. i) What activities do you carry on the wetland and how do you benefit from such activities? ii) What management practices are you using not to degrade the wetland? iii) Are you aware of any organization that protects wetlands? 1v) what are your main sources of information concerning the conservation of wetlands. 1.5 Justification of the study The study will evaluate the impact of urbanization on urban wetlands. The research is to examine how urban development leads to environmental changes mainly through wetland degradation. Its to provide information on wetland degradation that is currently inadequate. Thus the research will guide National Environment Authority (NEMA), the National Wetland Program and other interested parties to carry out appropriate actions to halt degradation of wetlands and develop more efficient wetlands conservation programmes. The information would further help district administrators like district environment officers to prepare action plans to improve local wetland resource management and mobilize community efforts to participate in wetland conservation. The information will also help urban planners in practicing sustainable development that is beneficial to the people but also environmentally friendly. It will provide knowledge to the local community on the effects of wetland encroachment. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The growth of urban and sub-urban areas has been a dominant demographic characteristic of the 20th century. During this time urban population has increased ten-fold, and the proportion of the human population living in urban areas has risen from 14 to over 50% (Platt, 1994). Much of this expansion of urban land, and citizenry has occurred along coasts, as port cities have expanded, coalesced, and engulfed neighboring undeveloped lands. Between 1960 and 1990, coastal counties in the US increased in population by 43%, a faster rate of growth than in the country as a whole. Likewise, between 1970 and 1989, nearly half of all building activities took place along the coasts (Anon., 1994). As of 1981, 28% of municipal areas were coastal, but they accounted for 55% of the US population (Walker, 1990). Elsewhere in the world, the story is similar: of cities with populations over 1 million, 100% of those in South America are coastal, as are 75% of those in Asia and Africa ( Berry, 1990). Ugan das population growth also continues to be amongst the highest in the world. The population in 2007 stood at 28.4 million an increase of 70 Percent since 1991 and 16 percent since 2002 and the countrys population is expected to exceed 50 million and 127 million by 2025 and 2050 respectively, (NEMA 2007). Not surprisingly, the effects of this burgeoning coastal development on natural resources have been profound (Walker and Nordstrom,1990). Damage to and loss of wetlands have been extensive ( Tiner, 1984Dahl, T.E., Johnson, C.E., 1991. Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States, Mid 1970s to Mid-1980s. US Dept. Int., Fish and Wildlife Serv., Washington, DC.). A recent survey by the US Department of Agriculture found that urbanization was implicated in wetland loss in nearly all surveyed watersheds (96%) and may account for as much as 58% of the total wetland loss (Anon, 1997 ). Yet wetlands remain an integral part of social and economic stability and their continued disappearance should be of concern to everyone. 2.2 HISTORY OF WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA The economic and ecological wealth represented by Ugandas wetlands, which cover 15 percent (31,406sq km) of its land area and are found in almost every sub-county, is well recognized by both its people and its leaders. Wetlands provide not less than 37 valuable services and products, and contribute hundreds of millions of dollars per year to the national economy (WID, 2001). Over 70 percent of all wetlands in Uganda are used for three purposes simultaneously: water collection, livestock grazing, natural tree harvesting, clay and sand mining, fishing and sources of crafts materials among other uses. In addition, they play a key role in filtering pollutants and in regulating water flows, which in turn influence groundwater recharge, flood impacts, and water availability during the dry season. Ugandas policy-makers have acknowledged the importance of wetlands in the countrys Constitution (1995), which commits the government to hold them, along with other natural resources, in trust for the common good of all citizens. Over the past 15 years, innovations including Ugandas Wetland Policy and decentralized wetlands management have established a firm foundation for more sustainable wetland management. Environmental and wetland concerns are also integrated into several of the governments other primary policies, including the Poverty Eradication Action Plan, Plan for Modernization of Agriculture, and District Development Plans. The ten-year Wetlands Sector Strategic Plan, launched in 2001, identifies eight key strategies to achieve sustainable wetlands management. Between 1995 and 2005, the Wetlands Inspection Division spent about $US 2 million to carry out wetland inventories for 30 Districts and build the National Wetlands Information System (WID and IUCN, 2005). 2.3 URBAN WETLAND ENCROACHMENT Historically, there are several factors that can explain as to why the wetlands resources have and are still getting degraded in urban areas like Kampala. The major reason is rapid population growth leading to quest for extra land for cultivation and settlement. Extensive wetland resources both in the industrial and developing economies have already been lost or undergoing increasing change due to conversion to aquaculture or industrial use. In his speech to mark the wetlands day 2010, Mafabi [who is he?] quoted that many wetlands around Kampala have been reclaimed and used for development purposes like building industries, rise growing, impunity and disregard of the law. Mafabi (1991), observed that one of the reasons degradation of wetlands, in Uganda are the increasing number of landless people, who are forced to drain and cultivate wetlands due to pressure for agricultural land. Land in Kampala is very scarce and where its available, its very expensive, yet people really need land for agriculture and settlement. According to William (1990) and Njuguna (1982), reclaimed wetlands produce new soils, which are a basis of increased food production required to feed the rapidly growing population in developing countries. Since people consider wetlands to have very fertile soils and the fact that relevant institutions have turned a blind eye on encroachers, thus encroachers have taken advantage of these weaknesses to settle around and within these areas. Few people have demanded the protection and conservation of wetlands and these few who have tried are in most cases not noticed or are taken for granted by the authority (NEMA 2010). From my own local observation, some individuals use their profile for example high ranking officials or senior citizens to abuse these wetlands however much the public complains. Finlayson and Michael (1991) noted that a fundamental cause of urban wetland loss in the past is that few people have demanded their conservation. Since other people are encroaching on the wetlands, many other individuals, even those who were campaigning for the conservation of these areas have lost hope and also encroached for their own benefits. On the other hand however, Dugan (1990), consent that the main causes of wetland loss and exploitation are: the secrecy and manipulation of information, the dominance of short-term private profit on long term public benefits. People are very much interested in short term private benefits without spending much from their pockets. Wetlands are not supposed to be owned by private individuals or parties NES (1995), and therefore many people encroach on them because they are not going to be asked for any land titles. Ntambirweki (1998) noted that many people are utilizing these wetlands because the economic policy for free goods is deficient and the land tenure system is not clear. Dugan (1990) goes ahead to state that deficient economic policy for free goods and insecure and undocumented land tenure has also been a cause of the degradation of these wetlands. In my own view, there is lack of appreciation by people in these urban areas like Kampala of the extent to which these wetlands are important and are used by rural communities for purposes like domestic water, water for agriculture and some cultural values. The people in urban areas will therefore, continue to use the wetland for their development purposes. Citing some examples from the flood plains of the inner delta of the river Niger where the wetland exploitation is rampant, Dugan (1990) observed that one of the fundamental reasons for the drive to convert natural wetlands to other uses is a very poor international appreciation of the extent to which they are important and are used by rural communities. He therefore concluded that the absence of this understanding on wetlands makes conservation difficult and unable to challenge the proposed changes, which are seen as being essential to economic development. Some other factors that are influencing wetland encroachment are poverty related. These wetlands contain plants like papyrus, which people are harvesting and using to make goods like bags and mats (crafts) that they sell and earn a living(R. kabumbuli et al 2009). This in the long run affects the functioning of the wetland incase these plants are over harvested. They are also using the wetlands to grow rice for food and sale, making bricks and for fishing. All these activities contribute to degrading the wetland but are beneficial to the urban people for them to earn a living. ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN WETLANDS Today, theres a growing concern to conserve and use wetlands in a sustainable way. Wetlands are more valuable economic resources in their natural state for certain objectives such as fishing, wildlife enhancement, aquaculture, water quality improvement and flood control, compared to the gains from a modified wetland, (Barbier, 1994). By encroaching on these areas, their economic function is being greatly affected and can have adverse impacts. Many activities are going on in the wetlands of Kampala as a result of encroachment by wetland users. These activities may have significant implications on the wetland, which may be beneficial or destructive to the wetland. Wetlands have been used for farming and for agriculture by many people. Crops such as yams and rice have been grown in the wetlands; livestock is taken to the wetlands for grazing. Water for irrigation, domestic use and livestock is collected from these wetlands. The growing of some of these crops like the yams is beneficial in these wetlands as these yams play an important role in the cleaning up of the water since they remove some minerals and nutrients from the water (Njuguna, 1982). On the other hand, extensive growing of these yams can lead to destruction of the wetland. The people practicing agriculture in these areas around wetlands have gone ahead to construct houses within the wetland so as to settle near their crops and also due to the fact that land is a scarce resource in urban areas. By constructing these houses, the flow of water in the wetland is disrupted and this in most cases leads to flooding mainly in the rainy seasons (Dugan, 1990). Settlement within wetlands has led to other associated degrading activities like brick making (Namanve wetland), sand extraction, and papyrus over harvesting (Kyengera wetland). Activities like sand extraction for construction of houses when carried out massively and brick making can have serious implications on wetlands as the sand that is removed is important in the filtration function of the wetlands (NEMA 2001/2002). This affects water filtration as a service provided by the wetlands. Over harvesting of wetland resources like papyrus for the purposes of making crafts so as to increase on the income of these people is also likely to affect the filtration and purification role of wetlands as these plants play a vital role in water purification in these wetlands. There are a variety of investments that are put up in these wetlands by reclaiming of the wetland to create land. Industries have been put up, churches have been constructed and other businesses like markets and shops have been developed with in urban wetlands. These are some of the major encroachments and activities going on in wetlands worldwide and in Kampala. A lot of land has been reclaimed and used for constructing of big industries in the urban areas due to development, which has resulted in shortage of land for the construction of these industries and factories. The reclaiming of these wetlands so as to create land for construction has been a great cause of flooding (Mitsch and Gosselink 1990). On the other hand, this creates and provides land for development and settlement in urban areas. Due to development, there is need for roads with in these urban centers and therefore, some of the roads that have been constructed have encroached on the wetlands and others have been constructed either adjacent or within wetlands, which has affected the functioning of the wetlands. Roads constructed adjacent or within wetlands increase on the level of silting in the wetlands and they also disrupt the flow of the wetlands since this can lead to the diverging of the wetland (Anibal and Aguayo, 1995). There is also a likelihood of these roads breaking down after some time hence affecting many people. Within wetlands, activities like fishing and aquaculture are being carried out. People depend on these activities to earn a living and for livelihood support. Fish ponds have been constructed to culture fish near these wetlands. Wetlands both permanent and seasonal especially along the lakeshores are an important source of fish for the local community. The interface zone between the swamp and the open water is an important breeding ground for commercial fish including tilapia (William, 1990). Its also a home to many aquatic and wildlife species and birds. Extensive fishing can lead to over exploitation of the fish species, which are of importance in the ecosystem. This in the long run may affect the ecological functioning of the wetlands since it affects the food chain. AWARENESS TOWARDS WETLAND USE AND MANAGEMENT It should not go unnoticed that, historically, many wetlands have been misconceived to be waste lands. Consequently, they were drained or degraded by human activity without factoring in their numerous functions, benefits and values, (William, et al, 1990). Wetlands were also regarded as bogs of treachery, mines of despair, homes of pests, refuge for out laws and rebels, (Williams, 1990; Mafabi, 1991). A good wetland was a drained one, free of this mixture of dubious social factors, (Dugan, 1990). Lack of awareness is the major cause of the increasing deterioration of biodiversity in urban areas of developing countries (Anibal Pauchard, 2005). Public awareness of wetland issues is indeed a key tool in wetland conservation and must be part of any attempt to change attitudes and behavior patterns. Many people living around wetlands are not aware of the impacts they are likely to cause to the wetlands in relation to their practices and in the long run have continued using the wetlands in a way that is degrading them. Some, who are aware about the impacts they can cause on the wetland, have had very poor attitudes towards the information they have been given and have continued to use the wetland in a manner that is not sustainable. In order to alert the public on the values and functions of wetlands and the need for their sustainable use, the national wetlands programme (NWP) has developed an awareness campaign consisting of videos, audio tapes, posters, leaflets and booklets (NWP, 1997). Newspapers have carried features on wetlands; songs have been developed to supplement radio and television programs. Awareness seminars and outreach programs are also carried out. The target groups are farmers, resource users, schools and district development committees. There have also been various efforts to promote environmental education through formal education in schools especially the wildlife club of Uganda. Also NEMA has tried to put up programs in various schools to promote environmental protection. All this has to some extent raised awareness and concern about wetlands among Ugandans (NEMA, 1998). Many Ugandans including grass root communities, policy makers, and natural resource planners while aware of environmental problems have little commitment to environmental conservation (NEMA, 1998). This may be because majority of the population living in poverty under constant threats to food insecurity is so concerned with basic survival matters that theres not much room to be concerned about environmental issues such as proper management of wetlands. Institutional understanding of the value of wetlands and associated investments in wetland has grown in Uganda. Similar changes in peoples perceptions and attitudes of wetlands have given rise to arrange of conservation initiatives in wetland management. In Uganda, for instance, the Ministry responsible for environment protection is elaborating a national wetland policy in direct response to rising local concern over environmental and social consequences of wetland loss. Generally, the cumulative importance of wetlands has gradually developed because of the growth of knowledge about their numerous functions, values and threats documented by various researchers. In fact the Wetland Inspection Division in Uganda regarded the wetlands as wealth land because if well managed, the products and services can be reaped in perpetuity. And thus they are worth conserving and wisely utilized. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY This section focuses on the study methodology.ie. Sample area, sample selection procedure, data collection technique, entry, processing and analysis that is going to be used. STUDY AREA The study is going to be carried out on Nakivubo wetland. The wetland forms the boundary between Nakawa and Makindye divisions in the valley between Bugolobi, Mpanga and Muyenga hills (ADF). It is permanently water logged and is fed by the Nakivubo channel. It is one of the major wetlands on the north-western shores of Lake Victoria. The study will specifically be carried out in Nakawa Division, Kampala district. Nakawa Division is in the eastern part of the city, bordering Kira town to the east, Wakiso district to the north, Kawempe division to the northwest, Kampala central to the west, Makindye division across Murchison bay to the southwest and lake Victoria to the south.it covers an area of 47.45  square kilometers (18.32  sq.  mi). Map of Nakivubo Wetland (Source; Emerton et al., 1999) Study population The study population involves mainly farmers, brick layers, residents, builders and other individuals who are greatly involved in the use of the wetland e.g. People involved in putting up of business like shops and schools in this are also going to be interviewed to get more information on the study objectives. The area is estimated to have a population of 135,519 people. Meteorology of Nakivubo wetland The Nakivubo swamp is within the equatorial belt, and has a moist sub-humid climate. It receives a bi-seasonal rainfall in the periods of March to May and September to November. The rainfall is linked to the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the altitude, local topography and the lake. Short duration tropical thunderstorms are particularly common around Lake Victoria and Kampala. The latter is reported to receive more thunder storms than any other capital city in the world (Kansiime et al; 1999). This rainfall frequency and reliability favor the formation of peat lands and swamps. The presence of a large adjacent water body also ensures a both reliable and fairly stable hydrological regime (always humid, annual water level variations about 0.5 m). This is a requirement for papyrus, the dominant wetland macrophyte in the Nakivubo swamp. Geology of the swamp area The soils of the Nakivubo swamp area are alluvial and lacustrine sands, silts, and clays overlying granite gneisses. Indeed the gneisses overlay most of the Lake Victoria basin north of Kagera River, the main tributary of Lake Victoria located in the SW (Kansiime et al; 1999). Within the swamp, the alluvial soils range from semi-liquid organic material in the very upper layers of the emergent vegetation zones, through reddish ferruginous (high contents of dissolved iron in run-off water) loams to clays. Drainage of Nakivubo Swamp The major surface water drain into Nakivubo swamp is the Nakivubo Channel. In addition, Port Bell and Luzira waste water channels and a number of minor culverts discharge their water (some seasonally) into the lower Nakivubo swamp. The catchment area into the lower Nakivubo swamp is about 1.1 km2 from the Luzira watershed, 2.5 km2 from the Bukasa watershed and about 50 km2 from the city centre via the Nakivubo Channel and the upper Nakivubo swamp. These, with the exception of Luzira Prisons effluent and the Nakivubo channel, also carry rainfall and contribute different amounts of water into the swamp. METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The study design will be stratified random sampling. The study area is going to be stratified on political units[at what level?]. The political units surrounding Nakivubo wetland are Bukasa, Kisugu, bugolobi, luzira prison and Mutungo[which political units are these?].One division is going to be chosen purposively basing on its accessibility from town due to limited finances, from which two parishes are going to be picked and from each parish 25 people[why 25 and not more or less?] will be interviewed by choosing the fifth house[why the 5th and not any other?] after each house with the head of the household[why the head and not any other member of the household?] being the target for interviews. schools, shops and gardens are going to be considered as plots (houses).[what does this mean?] SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SIZE The study population is going to be obtained by stratified random sampling; its objective is to reduce bias by sampling different strata. Stratification is going to be based on administration units. A Sample of 50 respondents is going to be interviewed using questionnaires and these are going to be obtained randomly. This is because of logistical, time and financial constraints. [This contradicts your research design, which is which?] DATA COLLECTION Data collection is going to be by primary data obtained directly from interactions with responds in the field and secondary data from library books, peer reviewed journals and government offices. The principal research technique in primary data collection is going to be by use of questionnaires (to answer all objectives),which are both closed and open ended, and are going to be administered by the way of direct interview with respondents. The open-ended questionnaires are going to allow multi-response that will shade more light on the subject matter. The interviews are going to be carried out in both Luganda English. Direct observations use of a camera are going to be used to get detailed information. Using a map of the area, a transect walk is going to be carried out to get a general view of the area. KEY INFORMANTS Key informants like environment secretaries and officials from environmental organizations (NEMA, WID) are going to be interviewed to get more valuable information on all my objectives. This will help me get firsthand information about the problem under study. It also helps to correct anomalies from questionnairesand leads to collection of in-depth data Is this true?. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS (FGDs) Focus group discussions (FGDs) are going to be carried out with some purposively selected respondents[what purpose?]. The FGDs are going to confirm the gathered information from questionnaires.[what comes first, FGDs or Surveys?] Further more they will give exploratory, illuminating and enlightened data. Such information will provide insight into attitudes, perceptions and opinions of participants. FGDs give participants ample opportunity to comment, explain and share experiences that were not available from individual interviews, questionnaires or other data sources and therefore views got from such d

Automobile and Car Pooling Essay

Car pooling, also known as ride-sharing or lift-sharing, can save you big bucks on gas, wear and tear on your vehicle, oil resources and reduce all the associated nasty environmental impact associated with your driving. The benefits of carpooling are many. If you are currently driving every day, you’re going to save money on your commute costs by carpooling. In some cases, depending on the length of your commute and the number of days you don’t drive, the savings can be significant. You’ll endure less stress on your commute. Finally, by driving less you’ll be helping to keep the air clean. First, car pooling saves you big bucks on gas by, instead of you and your friend, cousin, or relative both taking different cars and you both are going to the same place, you both can take the same car and share the gas money instead of taking your own cars and paying much more gas money. Couple months ago gas prices were going up, I think that people are deciding to car pool more so they can save big bucks on gas. Also, rather than you and your buddy or cousin both adding mileage on your cars you both can just go together and add mileage to one of your cars instead both cars. This can also lower the risk of car accidents that happen on the road if there is less cars being used. If you and your friends car pool then you guys need to always plan the times because no one want to be late to work or any other place you have planned. Car pooling also has big responsibilities because the driver has to be on time to take the friend or buddy to work and also has to be on time to pick that person up. Second, another thing that car pooling is good for is that it keeps the environment and air much cleaner. One example of this would be is rather than two car engines working at once and putting a lot of nasty pollution in the air you could take one car and keep the air half cleaner. If car pooling goes in effect and many people decide to do this then there will be less cars on the road which will leave much less traffic jams. Also, this will make it easier for the road construction workers if there is less cars on the road because then they could work more and get there job done earlier. Finally, car polling is good because it leaves much more parking places in many crowded areas. One example of this would be is that when students go to school in the morning it is usually hard to find a parking place because they are all taken by other students cars but if a couple of friends used on car then this will leave much more parking place for others. Statistics show carpooling is very safe. However, you must keep your personal safety in mind. If you are considering carpooling with people you do not know, you should meet with them in person before hand. This meeting will serve two purposes. First, you’ll have a chance to discuss your ideas on setting up a carpool without obligating yourself to do it. Then, you’ll be able to assess your comfort level with the people. Ask questions and trust your instincts. If you are not comfortable with that person then just tell them you have decided not to carpool anymore. If you known the person your carpooling with than that is much easier for you to be comfortable with them but also carpool with people you trust because your putting your life in there hands by being the passenger and letting the driver control the vehicle because anything can happen on the road and one example of this would be an accident. I think in my opinion that carpooling is good because it saves you big bucks on gas, helps you keep your wear and tear on your vehicle less, and it also helps the environment out by putting less pollution in the air. I always carpool with my friends because of these reasons, but remember pick right carpooling partners or partner that you trust and are comfortable with before you start to carpool with them.

Unusual Facts About Essay Writing Samples Accuplacer Uncovered by Industry Leaders

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New Deals During The Great Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 584 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? The great depression started when there was a stock market crash in 1929. Everything lost its value so everyone lost their jobs because businesses would be losing money. The people that still had jobs, now had to live off of much smaller paycheck. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "New Deals During The Great Depression" essay for you Create order Many families didnt have enough money to pay for their food, home, or other essential needs. Franklin Roosevelt saw how the turn in the economy was affecting civilians. So he made a proposal called New Deals. New Deals are a series of social and economical programs to bring the U.S. out of the Great Depression. The response to Roosevelts New Deals were very effective. He helped unemployed people and their family to get homes, jobs, and benefited businesses too. The economy during the Great Depression had major paycheck cuts. According to The Nations Sick Economy, some Americans became wealthy, many more could not earn a decent living. This means people started losing their houses because they couldnt pay for it since their paycheck didnt cover as much as it use to. There was a New Deal Act targeting this problem. According to Document D, National Housing Act authorizes low rent public housing projects. This means that there was a place for people to live that they could afford when their original house became too expensive. This was very helpful in this tough time because instead of people getting kicked out of their house and having to live on a street, they have a possibly smaller house to live in that is 10 times better than living out on the street. During the Great Depression, the economy started having the value of items go down. This affected businesses because they had to sell a bunch more and have the same outcome of profits. According to Document A, the number of bank suspensions in 1933 is 4,004. This shows how bad the Great Depression was just the banks alone. Imagine how bad all the other businesses are doing. According to Document D, there was a New Deal called the Reconstruction Finance Corporation that granted emergency loans to banks, life insurance companies, and railroads. This New Deal is a good thing because it helped keep banks and other companies in business better because they were given enough money to pay all their fees during this tough time. As a result of businesses profits being cut, the workers also started having a rough time. Workers paychecks were also cut to help businesses pay their expenses and still make a profit. According to Document B, All 3 people agree that chief need is money. They think this because nobody is making enough to live off of so money is the most important thing right now. The money will buy food, shelter, water, clothing, and pay other bills. Money is very essential at this time. According to Document F The unemployment rate from 1933-1938 has decreased. This is because Roosevelt created many different New Deals letting businesses higher people, giving workers good pay, and still making a profit. This is a very good thing because it is allowing people to get an income and letting people be able to support their families. In each paragraph, they show what happened before and after the New Deals were made and how that affected how the population would react to it. The New deals helped the economy get out of the Great Depression a lot. It helped the economy not have a lot of businesses close, and allowed people to get food and jobs.

A Unique Leadership Style And Transformational Leadership

Leadership is the process of motivating others toward completion of a common goal and/or task. Luthans Avolio (2003) also introduced the concept of authentic leadership development, which is one of the many psychological perspectives of leadership. Authentic leadership is often defined as a pattern of transparent and ethical leadership behaviors’ that encourage openness in sharing information needed to make decisions while accepting followers’ input (Bass, 1999). I truly believe deep in my heart that I have a unique leadership style; I believe that I am a combination of an authentic and transformational leader. Transformational leaders are prone to instigate followers to amend expectations, perceptions with the ability to motivate workers toward a common goal. According to Burns, â€Å"leaders followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation† (Burns, 1978). A leader that is able to move others forward in a positive manor is often considered a leader that uses positive organizational behavior which is the process of leading which focuses on positive constructs such as hope, resiliency, efficacy, optimism, happiness, and well-being as they apply to organizational commitment of employees. According to Berkovich, â€Å"A key element in all existing definitions, however, is that authenticity involves becoming aware of one’s â€Å"true† self† (2014). A leader must first understand his or her own needs prior to subjecting others to ones views or opinions. AShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Transactional And Transformational Leadership1243 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Transactional and Transformational Leadership There have been identified leaders in the world as far back as history has recorded. In addition, there have been negative and positive leaders, as this is the human condition. Leadership models and theories have been the subject of research for over 100 years. The contributions of leadership theories may have altered the delivery of leadership throughout modern age for positive leaders, because he or she saw the ‘new and different’Read MoreTransformational Leadership And Transformational Leaders968 Words   |  4 Pages Transformational Leadership Style Tanya Schankel ORG300 – Applying Leadership Principles Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Anne O Bryan June 21, 2015 â€Æ' Transformational Leadership Style Are you ready for a change? Transformational leaders pave the way for implementing change. Transformational leaders are visionaries who do not look at today without envisioning a better tomorrow. Smith (2011), states that this leadership style focuses on not only the leader, but also the contributionRead MoreSteve Jobs as a Visionary and Transformational Leader1165 Words   |  5 PagesJobs unique approach to leadership and visionary approach to creating, producing and selling innovative products, combined with his innate ability to orchestrate increasingly complex companies have earned him many accolades. Fortune Magazine named him the best leader of the Decade and countless other publications, colleges and universities have given him many accolades and honorary degrees. All these external measures of success reflect who Steve Jobs is on a daily basis, and how his unique and highlyRead MoreThe Role of Leadership In Health Care Leadership is often described as the behavior of an1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Leadership In Health Care Leadership is often described as the behavior of an individual when directing the activities of a group of people with a shared goal (Al-Sawai, 2013). It can be difficult to examine leadership in the context of health care, because research and theories of leadership were created in a business environment. These leadership styles are then applied in a health care framework, which has its own unique complexities (Al-Sawai, 2013). The complexity of the healthRead MoreBusiness Strategy And Leadership Style : Impact On Organizational Performance1243 Words   |  5 PagesLynn Roth Worcester State University BA490 Business Policy and Strategy M 6-9 Prof. Anthony Aiello December 1, 2016 Business Strategy and Leadership Style: Impact on Organizational Performance in the Manufacturing Sector Lynn Roth Worcester State University The quality of leadership and strategy is generally viewed as instrumental in maintaining and improving upon competitive performance. This is a topic that has started to gain some attention, especially in this era of increasingRead MoreImportance Organizational Leadership Has on Companies Today1657 Words   |  7 Pagesreading an article about organizational leadership, I was more enlightened on the value and importance organizational leadership has on companies today. The article discussed the significance of organizational leadership and how leaders can motivate their followers to accomplish corporate objectives and help them realize their full potential. More importantly understanding the organizational leadership theories can support the growth and development of leadership skills and identify potential leadersRead MoreThe Transformational Leadership Model Of A Business Environment1426 Words   |  6 PagesThere are several different theories that can be applied to leadershi p. Hence, there are no right or wrong theories, purely just diverse perceptions. The trait theory of leadership believes that leaders are born and not made. This theory claims that leadership is inherited, and great leaders are born with natural leadership traits. Zaccaro, S. J. (2007) defines this as a â€Å"unique property of extraordinary individuals whose decisions are capable of sometimes radically changing the streams of history†[Pg6]Read MoreLeadership Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is one of the main areas of study nowadays. A number of books, articles, and research papers are written on this discipline and we receive much information about this. Leadership is a relationship between leaders and followers, and building this relationship requires an appreciation for the personal values of those who would be willing to give their ener ¬gy and talents to accomplish shared objectives. Transformational leadership and leader-member exchange are popular theories in the leadershipRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Style Leadership is a process by which a person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others (Agard, 2011, p. 330). Leadership models can enable or hinder an organizations success. Additionally, leadership styles impact how effectively organizations reach their goals. When leaders understand their dominate leadership style, they can identify their strengths and weaknesses and gain insights on their abilities, values, and beliefs. In addition, understanding a leadersRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Qualities1662 Words   |  7 Pagesshared traits between management and leadership, they both provide direction and the ability to influence the people around them. They need to create an atmosphere where people are motivated to meet the goal, no matter if it is planned or unplanned. With that being said, Yoder-wise differentiated leaders and managers when she stated, â€Å"Managers address complexity and change, whereas leaders primarily address change† (2014). The leadership style or a leadership I emulate; qualities I possess that make

Research Paper on the Effects of Mass Media on the Perfect Body Image Free Essays

How can you determine what body image should be? The desire for the perfect body has been prevalent throughout society for a vast majority of time. What makes teenage girls feel the need to strive for this â€Å"perfect body†? Some have asked, â€Å"†¦a rapidly growing body of research addresses the question of whether body perfect ideals in the mass media are a core risk factor for negative body image, particularly in women† (Dittmar, Helga) My hypothesis is â€Å"Does the media influence adolescent girl’s weight concerns and their perceptions of body weight and shape? The media in many aspects controls the way that people see themselves and the way they do things. So with teenagers striving to look like what they see in the media some of them go through drastic means to achieve these looks. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on the Effects of Mass Media on the Perfect Body Image or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"The role of mass media influences and parental marital status in the onset of eating disorders. In particular, teenagers tend to be the main target of trying to look like this image. † (Irala-Estevez, Martinez-Gonzalez, Lahortiga, Alonso, Cervera, Gual) Eating disorders is a major medical problem that most teens face. Among girls, eating disorders symptoms were directly affected by sociocultural influences, in particular media influences†(Rodgers, Paxton, Chabrol). If the media keeps influencing how teenagers see themselves it can not only damage their life but their families. The Health Information Network as done research on diets has shown â€Å"Anorexia is the Number one killer of teenage girls and in total more than 90% of those with eating disorders are adolescent young women.In many girls, the problems appear to set in from a very early age and is caused by peer pressure and exposure to media advertising† Does media have a major influence in the way teens look at themselves? â€Å"Media causes body dissatisfactions since they are the ones who define this perfect body. † ( Furnham, Greaves) I will test whether different outlets of media from T. V advertisements and shows, magazines, and street ads have a strong influence on how teenage girls look at themselves.Also to what measures will they go to, to achieve the perfect body that they see in the media. In this ever changing society the perfect body has had many different definitions. â€Å"This ideal standard of beauty is conveyed to individuals via a number of sources including fami ly, peers and the mass media. † (Hargreaves) There has been other research down to measure the influence media has on the perception of the perfect body image. A study was done by psychologists with individuals from Fiji where there was little edia influence. Their results showed that, â€Å"Key indicators of disordered eating were significantly more prevalent following exposure. Narrative data revealed subjects’ interest in weight loss as a means of modeling themselves after television characters. † (Becker) After being exposed to American TV shows there was a huge change in body image. Not only with T. V shows but as well as magazines have a great influence on body perception. One researcher as shown the relationship between magazines and body image, from the Department of Medicine from Harvard Medical School they concluded â€Å"There was a positive linear association between the frequency of reading women’s magazines and the prevalence of having dieted to lose weight because of a magazine article, initiating an exercise program because of a magazine article, wanting to lose weight because of pictures in magazines, and feeling that pictures in magazines influence their idea of the perfect body shape. With my research, this type of study would hard to replicate because it’s impractical to find a somewhere in the United States that has no or little media influence. The ideal woman and man portrayed in the media practically do not exist.It sets up images that fool viewers and readers to think that there are actually people that look like models. â€Å"The average American woman weighs 140 pounds and is 5’4† tall, reports Eating D isorders and Prevention, Inc. In contrast, the typical model is 5’11† and weighs 117 pounds. That makes the model thinner than 98 percent of American women. (Strahan) This makes young people have enormous pressures and when they can’t measure up to this image prevailed by the media, their self-esteem suffers. So in my research I will test girls from the ages of 13-19 from high school and college. I will give them surveys that will ask how much media they are exposed to. With questions that see if they are watching TV shows like 90210, or Melrose Place and magazines such as Seventeen, and Cosmopolitan. Then the girls can then be split into two groups; Group 1 with the girls that are exposed to little forms of media, and Group 2 with girls that are exposed to many forms of media.They then will be given another survey that will ask how much they weigh, how they see themselves, and what type of body image they desire. Body-image is being measured by the â€Å"conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that represents how individuals think, feel, and behave with regard to their own physical attributes† (Morrison , Kalin) If Group1, the group with little exposure to media, has a normal body perception and doesn’t desire a skinnier body image in contrast to Group 2. Where Group 2, the group an immense exposure to media, has poor body perceptions and desires a skinner body.The conclusion then can be made that the amount of media exposure has an influence on body image and perception. There are many challenges that can come up during research on the â€Å"perfect body† image. Some teenage girls might show a change in how they view themselves during the course of the experiment. But it may not be because of media influence but maybe their peers influenced them or their culture demands for a certain body image. â€Å"Both peers and popular culture, independent of each other, exert influence on girls’ weight control beliefs and behaviors. (Field, Camargo, Taylor, Berkey, Colditz) If we come to the conclusion that media indeed has a great influence on body perception; how are we going to try to fix the damage media causes on many individuals? Why not media? â€Å"Social activism and social marketing approaches are suggested as methods for fighting negative media messages. The media itself is one potential vehicle for communicating productive, accurate, and deglamorized messages about eating and shape-related disorders. † (Thompson, Heinberg) If media has such a great influence on creating negative body image, we can use media to create a positive body image.With media showing normal body image it might help teenage girls feel less pressured to desire an unhealthy body image. Therefore, over time it will become clearer as to whether actions will be taken against the media in order to end teenagers from trying to achieve the perfect body. Teenagers need to see that being different is good and the media is only brainwashing them to be like everyone else. Hopefully with more research done to show the great effects media has on teen’s body perception and the measures they go to, to obtain that perfect body image.Media will stop putting out such a negative body image, and more of a natural, average body image. How to cite Research Paper on the Effects of Mass Media on the Perfect Body Image, Essays

Neglected Dimension of Global Security †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Neglected Dimension of Global Security. Answer: Introduction The recent age, technologies have mainly disrupted or transformed both the commerce as well as the environment. Few example that can be taken into consideration are the world wide web, amazon, tablets and google. The most important phenomenon which played a very vital role is the technology of the cloud computing. Likewise taking into consideration a view of a different field, in the laboratory automation, medicine, computers, monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay can be considered as example of technology which are considered disruptive technology. Currently, there are many potentially and emerging technology which can be termed disruptive that could possess threat of direct displacing a technology which is established. The technology can lead to a major change in the field of economy as well as commerce. The concept of the technology can be sub divided into two parts namely sustaining and disruptive [1]. The sustainable technology mainly relies on the incremental improvements taking i nto consideration an already established technology. On the other hand, the disruptive technology lacks the part of the refinement, they are often encountered with the problem of performance due to the factor that it is new, direct appealing to an audience which are limited and may not have been proven problematic in the field of application. Taking into consideration a case study it can be stated that the concept of Alexander Graham Bells electric speed machine which is now better known as call the telephone can be considered as one of the best example. Another term which can be directly be related with the concept is the term digital disruption. It can be referred to as a flip side of the digital opportunity [2]. In this essay the main concept which is taken into consideration is the concept of the disruptive and the emerging technologies. On the other hand, relating to the concept the use of disruptive weapons in the aspect of changing the use of the force are also taken into consideration in the discussion. This section mainly focuses on the analysis of the emerging and disruptive technology which are very much likely to play a role in the near future. These technological aspects may include: Additive manufacturing: This technology is under the focus of the researchers and under the research sector for more than 30 years, initially with the point of view of tool related to rapid technology [3]. Development in the sector of additive manufacturing are very much likely to create a new field of application that will have a significant impact on the methods which are related to the traditional manufacturing. Advanced Robotics: An example of primary successful application of the industrial robotics is in the field of automotive manufacturing. The concept intensively uses the concept of the robots that are extensively implemented in the process of welding, painting process and material handling [4]. The new and the advanced robotics will be increasingly in the implementation in the precision of the concept of the assembly and manufacturing and even in the sector of human robotics environment which can be beyond the scope of manufacturing [5]. Digital manufacturing: Recent advances in the concept of the digital design, simulation and engineering have involved in a transformational impact on the enterprise which are related to the manufacturing. The experimental approach and the traditional experiential approach in order to develop the product, validation and the manufacturing process design, supply network development and the factory automation are being replaced by the concept of highly digital threats which are efficient [6]. This approach can be considered to be very much efficient. In order to conduct the analysis, the nature of the disruptive technology should be taken into consideration. The concept of the nature which is related to the disruptive technology can be divided into three parts namely changing the global landscape, effect of the education of the future generation and the attributes which are related to the disruptive technology. The concept of changing the global landscape the global economy continued to be fuelled by quickly flow of information, swiftly knowledge generation and the myriad application found for this knowledge and information. The new global economy is mainly characterized by the increased uncertainty, flexibility and the openness and the choices all of these majorly impact the lifestyle, business model, the environment which is related to the working, the educational system and the national security [7]. On the global scale the population increase with the manpower being on the lower end and a lower cost is becoming the continual goal of all the operation, making the consistency increased which is related to the productivity a target which is relentless. Another shift in the paradigm occur when the off shore operation which is related to the US corporations, whose initial function was the manufacturing. The concept has majorly changed to the scientific research and the technological developm ent. On the other hand, the Effect of the education of the future generation: education is another very much important aspect of the ground work for the disruptive technology which can be considered [8]. Geographical and influence of culture This area of the analysis mainly includes not only the aspect of the geographical and cultural influence but also take into consideration the concept of the influence it has beyond the boundary. On the other hand, the influence of the stemming from the aspect pf the demographic that is globally impacted by the technology savvy youth. Each of these dimensions may serve to impede the development and the aspect of the diffusion of the technology which is taken into consideration [9]. Taking into consideration each of the dimensions may serve to accelerate, to impede the development and the diffusion of a given technology. Historically there has been a concern for the stemming from the concept of the geopolitical influence in the areas of where transparency is minimal due to the factor of the intentional disregard for the international disregard for the international conventions or the norms [10]. For example, although many nations have majorly accepted limitations on the use of the biological and the weapons which are chemical in nature, there is no such guarantee that can be taken into consideration that the state of the United States will not encounter such weapon on the future battle ship. Other techniques which can be considered to be symmetric made it very much possible by the technology which are merging may fall to fall into this category [11]. There are mainly two types of technology that can be termed as disruptive technologies. One type majorly displaces the incumbent technology in the transition phase during which the users adopts the new technology over a pre-defined time period. An early example of this was the major transition from the buggy to the horse to the automobile. The latter concept revolutionized disruption and transportation not only in the sphere of older transportation but also in the field of several ancillary means [12]. The second class of the disruptive technology creates a market or the capability when none of it ever existed. One of the example of this class is the personal computer. Before the invention of the computer, the services which are related to the computation are only available for the organisation of larger scale, institution and government sectors. The major key outcome which can be related to the concept when relating to the field of manufacturing as an example are: The flexibility is greater in order to produce the products that are very much multiscale, multi material and multifunctional. This have been considered as a greatest characteristic of the performance. Greatly reduce the time which is concerned with the marketing and the use of the modelling which is related to the digital aspect and the simulation of the tools in order to evaluate and plan the manufacturing processes and the design of the system and the network system configuration. Significantly improve the quality and the productivity. The issue which is generated is the issue of the labour cost and the better return on the investment in the capital. The high efficiency aspect which is related to the operation of the assets of the factory by the major use of the industrial big data and the advanced data analytics. The improved concept of the utilization of the resources and its material and the reduced energy consumption process. A manufacturing sustainable paradigm. While these disruptive and emerging technology are major causing significant excitement there are also some potential barriers that can be related to it. Significant R D investments are needed in order to develop these technologies. The levels of the investment which are required is beyond what the private sector can directly effort. Therefore, effective private and public partnership are very much essential in order to support the R D efforts. The new technology adaptation and the insertion process would be taking many years to implement, during which the process of the co-existence of the legacy of the manufacturing methods and the technology which are merging are expected. Future workforce development and the concept of the training must keep space with the technology adoption rate. It is very much likely that the operating future manufacturing company factories would directly require different set of skills sets than those of the current workforce. The development of the disruptive manufacturing which is sophisticated may future widen the concept gap which is between the developing country and the advanced countries. It is very much essential to bridge the gap which is majorly caused by the technological advancements. The robustness which is related to the concept of the emerging and the disruptive technologies is expected in order to improve gradually. False expectation may lead to affect which are detrimental on the development of the technology. Ultimately taking into consideration the new technology their cost effectiveness must be addressed if they are to make impact on the field of industry related to manufacturing [13]. North Korea: The plutonium program which was initiated in the year 1985, brought into operation a small gas cooled (carbon dioxide), moderated graphite, natural uranium (metal) fuelled experimental reactor of power of about 25 MWt at Yongbyon. It exhibits all the features of a plutonium production. This place was located on the west coast 55km north of pyongtyang. Israel: Israel is one of the few counties who have initiated the process of nuclear weapon. In the year 1952 after the isreal atomic energy commission was formed and in the year 1955 the USA agrred to supply a 5MWt pool type reactor for Nahal Soreq, south of Tel Aviv. This IRR -1 required enriched uranium supplied to the USA. It started up in 1960 and from the outset which is required to be under the IAEA safeguard Libya: after the months of continuous negotiation, Libya agreed in December 2003 to halt its process of the development of the nuclear weapon. For a tenure of more than a decade it was engaged in the process of the development of a uranium enrichment capacity and the construction of now dismantled pilot scale centrifuge facility. It can be stated from the above example that the use of disruptive weapon has changed the use of the forces. When taking into consideration whether a technology is disruptive or not, it is very much useful to think of it as disrupt. It should be taken into consideration that disruptive technology is impactful and the affect the other technologies. In many of the cases it is not the technology that can be considered to be disruptive but on the other and how the technology combines with the other factor or is applied can be termed as being disruptive in nature [14]. Taking into example the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) which was combined with a rocket motor, a guidance missile and a nuclear warhead. The guided system mainly made the ICBM very much effective and disruptive. The committee which was involved with the system mainly categorised the disruptive technology into three distinct categories, to one of which truly every destructive technology must belong. Enabler: This technology mainly makes it possible one or more of the new technology, processes or the application for example, the integrated circuit, the gene splicing, the transistor and the cellular technology. Catalyst: Technology which mainly changes the rate of the technology development or the improvement rate of one or more technology. For example, the concept of the cloud computing and in the concept of the molecular biology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Technique for the DNA sequence amplification [15]. Morphers: Technology which is when combined with other technology creates one or more other new technology for example wireless technology and microprocessor. Enhancers: technology that mainly modifies other technology in order to cross a certain threshold. For example, technology which are already existing such as fuel cell, lithium ion batteries. Supersede: Technology that are majorly obsoletes another technology replacing the technology it with a superior concept (faster, better, cheaper, and more capable) of technology. Breakthrough: Technology or discover that majorly changes a fundamental understanding of the nature or which directly enables what had seemed nearly impossible (if not improbable). For example, fusion power, quantum computing [16]. The use of force in the context of the law enforcement may be directly defined as the amount of effort required by the police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject. A Destructive weapon can be termed as a weapon that can cause destruction or kill a large amount of people epically a chemical, nuclear or biological weapon. Conclusion This report mainly focuses on the concept of the disruptive technologies that should be taken into consideration. It can be stated that not all technology is destructive in nature but the affect it has on other technology are mainly considered as destructive. The concepts such as categories, attributes and the timelines associated with the technology are majorly taken into consideration. These terms play a very vital role in term associated with the technology being destructive. The timeless which is related to the deployment of the technology does not necessarily involve time period which is very short. This concept cannot be deployed for a technology which can be called a destructive technology. The life cycle of the technology can be varying, with most of the technology undergoing a series of S curves of growth and the deployment. The approach like the likelihood of a given technology disruption is also put direct limelight in the report. Bibliography Ahlborn, C. (2016). The Normative Erosion of International Refugee Protection through UN Security Council Practice. Leiden Journal of International Law C Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law, 24, 10091027. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156511000471 Ashenden, D., Lawrence, D. (2016). Security Dialogues: Building Better Relationships between Security and Business. IEEE Security and Privacy, 14(3), 8287. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2016.57 Carr, M. (2016). Public-private partnerships in national cyber-security strategies. International Affairs, 92(1), 4362. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12504 Chernobrov, D. (2016). 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